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There are five high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) for S1P, termed as S1PR1-5. In the figure shown below, activation of S1PR1 by chaperone-bound S1P is schematically represented. Most cells express one or more subtypes of S1PRs. S1PR1 is abundantly expressed in the vascular endothelium...

1. My laboratory discovered the G protein-coupled receptor for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in the 1990s. At that time, S1P was widely considered as an intracellular second messenger. We cloned EDG-1 as an angiogenesis-inducible G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in 1990 and “de-orphaned” it as the...

Anez-Bustillos L, Dao DT, Baker MA, Fell GL, Puder M, Gura KM. Intravenous Fat Emulsion Formulations for the Adult and Pediatric Patient: Understanding the Differences. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016 Oct;31(5):596-609. doi: 10.1177/0884533616662996. Epub 2016 Aug 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 27533942; PubMed...

Parenteral nutrition energy support titration - Titrate PN support to enteral advancement as dictated per primary team. - For patients with no anticipated advancements in enteral feeds, consider serial physiological advancements in PN to maintain normal growth/development. - If weight/height...

Approximately 60% of non-protein energy should be supplied as carbohydrates. Aim to maintain normal blood sugar levels (between 80-110 mg/dl, at least PN cycling Infants at around 2 months-old can often tolerate cycling. Taper on by starting with one half the hourly rate for 30 to 60 minutes. Taper...

Maximal daily provision = 2-2.5 g/kg/day CAUTION: If providing >2 gram/kg/day (Weight risks/benefits with attending physician and family) Maximal infusion rate of 0.15-0.17 mg/kg/hour Maximal lipid-to-energy ratio of 25%. Types of intravenous lipid emulsions ilipids available in the US: Intralipid...

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